Plan

15.1 Digital government services and electronic government.

15.2 Electronic Government (e-Gov) in Kazakhstan.

15.3 Artificial intelligence in public administration.

15.4 Kazakhstan and digital governance.

15.5 Cybersecurity and information security.

 

15.1 Digital public services and e-government.

«Digitalization» is a term that has only recently entered our lexicon, but has become a steady trend and an inevitable process of adaptation to new digital realities. Digitalization entails the initiation of a digital transformation process, which is understood as the introduction of digital technologies and platform solutions in the economic and social spheres, in the practical activities of state authorities and management at the national, sectoral and regional levels. It is worth noting that «digitization» and «digitalization» are not innovations of today.

The term first appeared in the 1960 s – and 1970 s, during the beginning of the computer revolution. At that time, digitalization meant moving from analog methods of recording and processing information to a digital standard.

However, it should be clearly understood that currently the use of digital technologies and digitization of analog data do not yet make companies and government agencies «digital». Everything is much more complicated.

Founder of the World Economic Forum K. Schwab in 2016 In Davos, he called on the heads of major corporations and representatives of political circles to realize that the fourth industrial revolution has not only begun, but is also changing the world in unprecedented ways. According to him, the sharp acceleration of computing power means that innovation is not only happening at an ever-increasing rate, but also penetrating new sectors and leading to massive changes in systems, including government ones, that could hardly have been thought of yesterday.

At the Davos Forum, a list of key technologies of the fourth industrial revolution was presented, which included new computing power for data processing, delivery and storage, big data analytics, telemedicine, the Internet of Things, distributed ledger technologies (blockchain), artificial intelligence, etc. These technologies are unique in their combination of scale and scope, interconnectedness, and speed of adaptation. The pace of change is exponential, i.e. open, digital, global, and rapidly accelerating, as opposed to the linear one that existed before it – closed, analog, and local. To prove this, K. Schwab cites the following example: «90 % of the labor force in the United States at the beginning of the XX century was engaged in land labor, while today this number has decreased to 2 %, thanks to the mechanization of agriculture, mining and forestry.

All of these changes will be further compounded by the fact that the technologies of the fourth industrial Revolution are capable of disrupting seemingly stable industries and institutions. The shift will occur everywhere, from routine work in enterprises to tasks that require highly professional knowledge and skills. In a short time, digital approaches and exponential technologies can completely transform entire industries based on centuries-old traditions.

For example, banks implement artificial intelligence in such a way that the entire profession becomes obsolete. In 2017, JPMorgan introduced a new software called Contract Intelligence (COIN), which performed 360,000 hours of annual legal work in a matter of seconds».

«Chinese e-commerce company Alibaba, the world's largest retail chain, does not own its own products; Facebook, the largest global media platform, does not own media; Airbnb, the world's most extensive hotel chain, does not own real estate».

«Digitalization has affected retail, media, housing, transportation and many other areas of our lives. Not only does the state not keep up with the private sector in this regard, but most often it is still far from adopting new digital practices». Digitalization is changing not only the most diverse industries, but also human behavior, the overall picture of life, which society has yet to fully experience and realize.

This lag of the state creates serious risks, as state institutions are often forced to regulate industries that are moving towards new digital horizons at a speed that is not available to the state; it cannot regulate industries in which digitalization is at the core.

The emergence of e-government took place in most countries of the world – both developed and developing-in the 2000s. The main reason for the demand for the e-government project was that the introduction of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the activities of public authorities was associated with an increase in the efficiency and effectiveness of their work, and allowed significantly reducing the cost of maintaining executive power structures.

For the first time in 1997, the US administration formulated the idea of online service to citizens in its National Report «Access to America: reengineering with information technology». Indeed, the American portal FirstGov, created in 2000 First Gov, began to work with the goal of providing all government information on the Internet.

Developed countries at the turn of the century published their e-government strategies.

France-Reform program «Government Action Plan for the Information Society», 1998.

United Kingdom-the first strategy was published in April 2000. The document «E-Government: a strategic framework for public services in the Information Age» refers to the need to create a national information infrastructure, and calls on public sector units to modernize and introduce innovations.

Singapore – «E-Government Action Plan» with a strong focus on accelerating competitiveness and creating a knowledge economy, 2000

Republic of South Africa-Strategy «E-Government – Digital Future: Information Technology Policy for Public Services», 2001.

In India, a «National Governance Action Plan» was prepared and presented to the Prime Minister in 2003.

Russia In January 2002, by a Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, the Federal Target Program (FTP) «Electronic Russia 2002–2010» was adopted, the most important tasks of which were declared «transition to the provision of public services and the performance of state functions in electronic form by federal executive bodies; ensuring the solution of public administration tasks using elements of e-government; development of e-government infrastructure».

It is worth noting that from the very beginning, states saw huge opportunities in the field of e-government and made significant investments in the development of this global project. These opportunities, which allow you to get dividends using the project's potential, were defined differently in different countries^[206].

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^[206] Pavlyutenkova M. Yu. Electronic Government VS Digital Government in the Context of Digital Transformation

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337188942_Elektronnoe_pravitelstvo_vs_cifrovoe_pravitelstvo_v_kontekste_cifrovoj_transformacii. Date of access 26.03.2025