The state program is a set of measures and instruments of state policy aimed at implementing key functions of the state, achieving strategic priorities and goals in the field of socio-economic development and ensuring security. It is one of the main mechanisms for improving the efficiency of using budget funds and optimizing public administration.

A state strategy is a long-term development plan in a particular area that includes the main policy directions, implementation mechanisms, and key targets.

State programs define a set of interrelated measures aimed at solving the largest and most important economic, social and other tasks, are based on a clear definition of the goal and contain a system of measures coordinated by time, resources and performers, indicating the expected results that ensure the achievement of the goal, taking into account the long-term priorities of socio-economic development of the Republic of Kazakhstan^[33].

The development and implementation of state programs is based on the following key principles:

- strategic focus. The state program is formed on the basis of clearly defined long-term goals of socio-economic development, and also includes measurable indicators of their achievement;

- responsibility and coordination. Ha certain executive authority is responsible for implementing the program and achieving its final results, which ensures centralized management and control;

- focus on results. Within the framework of the program, specific results are established that reflect the degree of satisfaction of citizens ' needs and the effectiveness of the provision of public services;

- comprehensive coverage. State programs include all key areas of activity of executive authorities, ensuring a holistic and balanced approach to the allocation of resources;

- rational use of resources. The program provides for efficient allocation of budget allocations and other available resources in accordance with established priorities;

- powers and responsibilities. The authorities responsible for managing the program should have the necessary and sufficient authority for its successful implementation;

- monitoring and evaluation. A tall stages of the implementation of the state program, a systematic assessment of its effectiveness and efficiency is carried out, which makes it possible to adjust the strategy and improve the quality of management.

The State program includes the following key elements:

Program passport.

It contains basic information about the program: its name, grounds for development, legal status, implementation period, and expected results. Defines the main regulatory documents on which the program is based.

Responsible executor and co-executors of the program.

Specify the state body or agency responsible for implementing the program. Co-executors are defined – public and / or private organizations that participate in the implementation of the program. The degree of responsibility and coordination of actions between performers is determined.

Subroutines of the program.

A state program may include several subprograms, each of which is aimed at solving specific tasks within the overall goal. Subprograms detail the main areas of work and provide a systematic approach to the implementation of activities.

Software-specific tools.

Mechanisms and tools for achieving the program's goals are defined (for example, grants, subsidies, government orders, tax incentives, investment mechanisms, and other support measures). Specific measures that ensure the achievement of the established goals and objectives are indicated.

Goals and objectives of the program.

Strategic goals of the program are formulated that determine its overall contribution to the development of the industry, region, or economy as a whole. Specific tasks are defined that are aimed at achieving the set goals (for example, infrastructure development, increasing employment, digitalization of services, etc.).

Target indicators and program indicators.

Quantitative and qualitative indicators are established to measure the success of program implementation. Examples of indicators: the level of employment, the volume of products produced, the percentage of social support coverage, etc. Indicators should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART).

Stages and terms of program implementation.

The program is divided into stages, which allows you to control the progress of its implementation. The terms of implementation of individual measures and the total duration of the program are determined.

The volume of budget allocations of the program.

The amount of funding for the program from the state budget is indicated, as well as possible sources of co-financing (international organizations, private investment, public-private partnerships, etc.). Budget allocations are distributed by stage and type of activity.

Expected results of the program implementation.

The final results to be achieved at the end of the program are determined. The results should be measurable and take into account the socio-economic impact of the program implementation. Expected results may include an increase in the standard of living of the population, improvement of infrastructure, growth of economic indicators, etc.

The methods used in the development of state programs and strategies allow for a systematic approach to the formation of state policy. The main methods include:

- the analytic method includes analyzing the current situation, identifying problem areas, and predicting trends. Allows you to identify key challenges and potential solutions.

- the program-target method is based on the formulation of specific goals, objectives and indicators of their achievement. This method contributes to the rational allocation of resources and control over program execution.

- scenario analysis is used to assess different scenarios for the development of a situation. It is used for modeling possible scenarios for implementing the state strategy and preventing negative consequences.

- SWOT analysis includes an assessment of strengths and weaknesses, as well as opportunities and threats. Allows you to identify competitive advantages and risks that affect the achievement of goals.

- backmarking consists of studying the successful experience of other countries or regions and adapting it to national conditions. This method helps to increase the effectiveness of government programs by using the best international practices;

- the method of expert evaluations consists in attracting specialists from various fields to develop optimal solutions. Experts analyze the possible consequences of the proposed measures and assess their realism;

- sociological research is the collection and analysis of public opinion on key issues. It allows you to take into account the needs and expectations of the population when developing programs and strategies.

The development of government programs and strategies includes several key stages:

Problem formulation and goal definition.

ВIt involves analyzing the current situation, identifying problematic aspects and formulating priority areas. The collection of statistical data and the assessment of previous experience is important at this stage.

Concept development.

Establish the overall structure of the program or strategy, identify implementation mechanisms, and make a preliminary assessment of possible risks. During this stage, the main provisions, goals and mechanisms for managing the program are developed.

Expertise and approval.

The stage includes discussion of the proposed concept with government agencies, experts, representatives of business and civil society. This is necessary to identify weaknesses and make adjustments.

Approval and launch.

After approval, the program or strategy is approved at the legislative level (by adopting a law, decree or resolution). Responsible authorities and monitoring mechanisms are identified.

Performance monitoring and evaluation.

Pis stored for the entire duration of the program. It includes regular monitoring of the implementation of assigned tasks, evaluating the results achieved, and making changes if necessary. Efficiency analysis allows you to adjust the strategy in accordance with the changing conditions and needs of society.

Thus, the development of government programs and strategies is a multi-stage process that requires an integrated approach, involvement of experts and the public, and the use of modern analytical methods. The effectiveness of their implementation depends on the quality of training, monitoring, and flexibility in adapting to changing conditions. To achieve sustainable development, it is necessary to improve strategic planning mechanisms, introduce digital tools and strengthen interaction with civil society.

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^[33] On the Rules for the Development and Implementation of State Programs in the Republic of Kazakhstan https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/U030001099_. Date of reference: March 2, 2025