Introduction

1. Specific phytophages of spring wheat (brief information on morphology, distribution, biology, and harmfulness) 1.1 Cicadas - Auchenorrhyncha 1.2 Aphids - Aphidinea 1.3 Bugs - Hemiptera 1.4 Thrips - Thysanoptera 1.5 Beetles - Coleoptera 1.6 Butterflies - Lepidoptera 1.7 Hymenopterans - Hymenoptera 1.8 Dipterans - Diptera 1.9 Mites - Acarina

2 Polyphagous pests (brief information on morphology, distribution, biology, and harmfulness) 2.1 Orthopterans 2.2 Beetles - Coleoptera 2.3 Beetles - Coleoptera 2.4 Lepidopterans - Lepidoptera

3 Thresholds of harmfulness

4 Major diseases of wheat: symptoms, biological features of pathogens, distribution, and harmfulness 4.1 Loose smut 4.2 Common bunt (Stinking smut) 4.3 Ergot 4.4 Stem rust (linear or black) 4.5 Leaf rust (Brown rust) 4.6 Powdery mildew 4.7 Septoria leaf blotch 4.8 Tan spot (Yellow leaf spot, or Pyrenophorosis) 4.9 Helminthosporium (common type) and Helminthosporium-Fusarium root rot 4.10 "Black point" of grain 4.11 Fusarium ear blight 4.12 Bacterial and Viral Diseases