The main exchange is understood as the minimum level of energy required to maintain the vital activity of the organism in conditions of relative physical and emotional rest. The intensity of oxidative processes and the transformation of energy depends on the individual physiological characteristics of a person and the type of his professional activity. The basal metabolic rate is used to evaluate the intensity of metabolic processes in the body, to calculate the nutritional standards for making  food ration.

The purpose of the lesson: to study the technique of determining the value of the basal metabolism and the composition of the food ration in humans

The following is necessary for work: sphygmomanometer,  phonendoscope,  stopwatch or a clock with a second hand. The object of research is a person.

 

Work 1 Determination of the deviation of the basal metabolism from the norm according to the Reed formula and the nomogram

Reed's formula makes it possible to calculate the percentage of deviation of the basal metabolic rate from the norm. This formula is based on the existence of interrelation and arterial pressure, pulse rate and body heat production. Definition of the basic department by the formula always gives only approximate results, but at a number of diseases (for example, a thyrotoxicosis) they are reliable enough and consequently it is often applied in clinic. Deviation considered admissible up to 10% of norm.

Work progress: In the testee, the heart rate is determined with the help of a stopwatch and arterial pressure by Korotkov's method 3 times with intervals of 2 min, under the conditions necessary for determining the basal metabolism. The percentage of deviations of basal metabolism from the norm is determined by the Reed formula:

PD = 0,75 х (HR + PP х 0,74) – 72, where PD is  – percentage of basic metabolic deviations from normal, HR is heart rate and PP is pulse pressure, equal to the difference in systolic pressure.

The numerical values of the pulse and blood pressure are taken as the arithmetic mean of the three measurements.

Example of calculation. Pulse 75 beats / minute, blood pressure 120/80 mm Hg. The percentage of deviation 0.75 x [75 + (120 - 80) x 0.74] - 72 = 0.75 x [75 + 40 x 0.74] - 72 = 6.45. Thus, the basal metabolism of the testee is increased by 6, 45%, i.e. is within the norm. To simplify the calculations using Reed's formula, there is a special nomogram. With its help, combining the values of the heart rate and pulse pressure with a line, it is easy to determine the deviation of the basal metabolism from the norm on the midline (Figure 11.1).

Work 2 Drawing up a student's food ration

A food ration is a set of foods containing food substances in an amount sufficient to meet the body's need for plastic and energetic material. Theoretically calculated norms of rational nutrition determine the amount of nutrients recommended to a person: proteins, fats, carbohydrates, water.

Mineral substances, vitamins - for different groups of the population, differing in energy costs depending on the intensity of labor. When compiling a food ration, the basic requirement must be met: the energy value (caloric content) of food must meet the energy requirements of a particular organism. The best diet is four meals a day, the first meal should be 25-30% of the daily ration, the second - 40-50%, the third - 10-15% and the fourth - 15-20%.

 

Table 11.1 –  Average values of recommended nutrient intake per day for young people aged 18– 29 years, depending on the intensity of labor

 

Groups	Sex	Energy, Kcal	Proteins, g		Fats, g	Carbohydrates, g
			total	animals
I- mental labor	Men	2800	81	50	103	378
	Women	2400	78	43	88	324
II- light physical	Men	3000	90	49	110	412
	Women	2550	77	42	93	351
III- medium physical	Men	3200	96	53	117	440
	Women	2700	81	45	99	371
IV- heavy physical	Men	3700	102	56	136	518
	Women	3150	87	48	116	441

Table 11.2 –  Composition of foods and their calorie

 

Name of product	Proteins, %	Fats, %	Carbohydrates, %	Calorie per 100 g of product, Joule
1	2	3	4	5
Buckwheat	12,5	2,5	67,4	1473000
Semola	11,2	0,8	73,3	1486000
Rice	7,6	1,0	75,8	1475000
Macaroni products	11,0	0,9	74,2	1502000
Frigole	23,2	2,1	53,8	1407000
Rye bread	6,9	0,9	42,9	933000
Wheat bread	8,1	0,9	47,0	983000
Potato	2,0	—	20,0	378000
Carrot	1,3	—	8,7	172000
Beet	1,5	—	10,4	204000
Cabbage	1,8	—	5,3	122000
Sauerkraut	1,0	—	2,1	53000
Spring onions	1,3	—	4,4	98000
Watermelon	0,6	—	9,0	165000
Melon	0,7	—	11,3	206000
Fresh cucumber	1,0	—	2,4	58000
Salted cucumber	0,5	—	1,2	29000
Tomatoes	1,0	—	3,8	82000
Oranges	0,9	—	9,1	172000
Grapes	0,7	—	16,2	291000
Lemons	0,6	—	10,3	187000
Mandarins	0,9	—	10,0	187000
Apples	0,5	—	11,2	201000
Rafinated sugar	—	—	99,9	1720000
Chocolate	6,3	37,2	53,2	2477000
Cocoa	23,6	20,2	40,2	1887000
Sunflower oil	—	99,8	—	3898000
Butter	0,5	83,5	0,5	3278000

Continuation of the table 11.2

 

1	2	3	4	5
Kefir	3,5	3,5	4,3	270000
Sour cream	3,0	30,0	2,5	1266000
Cottage cheese	12,5	16,0	15,0	1098000
Fat cottage cheese	15,0	18,0	1,0	978000
Ice Cream	4,0	10,0	17,0	752000
Cheese	22,5	25,0	3,5	1424000
Beef meat	20,0	10,7	—	762000
Mutton meat	19,0	5,9	—	557000
Pork lean meat	23,5	10,0	—	795000
Goose	16,5	29,0	—	1417000
Chicken	20,0	5,0	—	539000
Sausage “Lubitelskaya”	13,7	27,9	—	1325000
Sausages	12,4	19,4	0,4	978000
Eggs	12,5	12,0	0,5	692000
Сured pork fat	2,0	91,0	—	3588000
Bream	16,8	7,6	1,0	586000
Pike perch	19,0	0,8	1,3	358000
Cod	17,6	0,4	1,2	318000
Red caviar	31,6	13,8	7,7	1083000
Herring	19,7	24,5	12,4	1294000
Eggplant hummus	1,7	13,0	7,5	666000

     

Table 11.3 – My food ration

 

Diet	Name of products	weight, g	Proteins	Fats	Carbohydrates	Calories
Breakfast
Total: Kcal
Lunch

 

Control questions

 

1. Biological value of proteins. Nitrogen balance.
2. Regulation of protein metabolism.
3. Exchange of fats.
4. The metabolism of carbohydrates.
5. Basic principles of rational nutrition.
6. Energy balance in Oraginism. Basic exchange: methods of determination.