The cyclicity of all natural processes is connected with the motion of the Earth around the Sun and with the rotation of the Earth around its own axis. The first determines the change of the seasons of the year and the corresponding seasonal rhythms of behavior, the last is the change of day and night, i.e. diurnal, or circadian rhythms of behavior. Most mammals are not born with a ready daily rhythm, but gradually adapt to it, that is, they develop their own internal rhythm. The faster and more fully the animal forms it, the more likely it has more chances in struggle for existence. Periodic change of illumination and accompanying external stimuli (primarily temperature) plays a particularly important role in the period of internal rhythm formation. These rhythms can be sustained and maintained without direct accompaniment by the factors of the external environment.

The regularity of the dependence of biological processes on time is studied by the interdisciplinary science of chronobiology (chronobiology from the Greek “chromos” - time + biology). Chronobiology includes chronophysiology, chronomedicine (part of it is chronopathology) with many of its sections. Chronophysiology - the science of the dependence of physiological processes on time.

Writing an essay and exam on the following issues:

1. Physiological and biological rhythms.
2. The importance of chronophysiology for theory and practice.
3. Basic concepts of chronobiology.
4. Structural parameters of the temporary organization of biosystems.
5. Classification of biorhythms.
6. Methods of research in chronobiology.
7. The nature of biorhythms. Central mechanisms of rhythm regulation.
8. Physiological mechanisms of biorhythm generation.
9. Age-related changes in body organs and systems.
10. Tidal and lunar rhythms in living organisms.
11. Chronobiological aspects of adaptation (displacement in latitude and longitude, space flights, mountain conditions, polar expeditions).
12. Influence of the light regime on the aging process.

 

Methodical instructions for writing an essay

Materials for the essay should be taken from the recommended literature. For this work will be given 1-2 weeks to complete. The approximate volume of the essay is 10-15 pages of hand written pages or 10-12 printed pages. When typing on the computer, pages of the text and included in the report illustrations, tables, drawings must match to the format.  Illustrations should be in the format of A-4.

The text should be printed respecting the following dimensions of the fields: left - at least 30 mm, right-10 mm, upper -20 mm, lower – 20 mm. Font size -14, interval is one-and-a-half.  Continuous page numbering required, pages marking are placed in the upper right corner without a dot at the end. Making a list of used literature. The description should include: the author's surnames and initials, the title of the book, the name of the city, the year of publication. For example: Golikov A.N. Physiology of farm animals. - Moscow: Agropromizdat, 1991 - 419 p.

Certification of the essay.

The criteria for evaluating the essay are:

1) degree of development of the topic

2) completeness of scientific literature coverage

3) theoretical approach to writing an essay

4)  correctness and scientific validity of the conclusions