Physiology of excitable systems

 

1. What is the threshold of irritation?
2. After exposure to the muscle of a toxic substance, its excitability began to progressively decrease. How did you manage to establish this?
3. How is the Law of power formulated?
4. Why does the hyperpolarization of the membrane lead to a decrease in the excitability of the cell?
5. Frequent irritations were applied to the muscle. Which led to the appearance of a smooth tetanus. Does the muscle respond to every irritation or not? How it can be discovered?
6. How will the membrane potential change if the sodium flow inside the cell increases and the amount of potassium remains the same?
7. The speed of excitation in the medullated fiber is proportional to the diameter of the fiber, and in the nonmedullated fiber - to the square root of the diameter. What explains the presence of such a dependence and its difference for the two groups of fibers, i.e. a lesser degree of dependence for nonmedullated fibers?
8. Which of the listed excitable structures is characterized by the greatest excitability: nerve, synapse or muscle? Which structure has the least lability?
9. How does excitation affect the nonmyelinated fibers?
10. Muscles consist of fibers, fibers from myofibrils, and the last of myofilament, which of these structures are shortened during contraction?
11. Why do fast muscles consume more ATP energy per unit time than slow ones?
12. Why preparation fatigue in the neuromuscular develops first in the synapse?

 

Physiology of the nervous system

 

1. Which principle underlies the activity of the nervous system? Draw a diagram of its implementation.
2. List the protective reflexes that arise when irritating the mucous membrane of the eyes, the nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx and esophagus.
3. Why does the time of the reflex depend on the number of intercalary neurons?
4. Will the excitation of the neuron occur if several axons are simultaneously applied to it under subthreshold stimuli? Why?
5. What should be the frequency of irritant stimuli, so that subliminal stimuli can cause the excitation of a neuron? Give an answer in general.
6. What is the role of Renshaw cells in the activity of spinal cord motoneurons?
7. Which principle underlies the activity of the nervous system? Draw a diagram of its implementation.
8. List the protective reflexes that occur when irritation of the eye mucosa, nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx and esophagus.
9. Why does the time of the reflex depend on the number of intercalary neurons?
10. Will the excitation of the neuron occur if several sub-threshold stimuli are applied simultaneously to it on several axons? Why?
11. What should be the frequency of irritant stimuli, so that subthreshold stimulations cause neuron excitation? Give an answer in general.
12. What is the role of Renshaw cells in the activity of spinal cord motoneurons?
13. Which of the listed excitable structures is characterized by the greatest excitability: nerve, synapse or muscle? Which structure has the least lability?
14. What types of nerve fibers are known?
15. Why, in case of fatigue of a person, does he first violate the accuracy of movements, and then the force of muscle contractions?
16. The reticular formation of animal brain stem is destroyed. Can the phenomenon of Sechenov's inhibition manifest itself under these conditions?
17. What happens if you cut the brain between the anterior and posterior tubercles of the quadruple?
18. When cutting the motor nerve, the muscle that he innervated atrophies. How can you explain this?
19. When a person gets up, gravity acts on him. Why do not his legs bend?
20. How will the tone of the fore and hind limbs of a bulbar animal change when the head is thrown back?
21. How will the tonus of the muscles of the fore and hind limbs of a bulbar animal change when the head is tilted forward?

 

Physiology of higher nervous activity

 

1. Which of the following types of inhibition relate to conditioned inhibition? What other types of conditioned inhibition do you know?
2. Which brain structures can still trigger activating influences?
3. The dog developed a conditioned reflex to the word "Bell". Will there be a conditioned reflex if you give a real bell as a conditioned signal?

 

Physiology of analyzers

 

1. Arrange the following skin areas according to the degree of sensitivity increase to a touch:

Forearm, back, planta, nose, fingertips, lips, forehead.

2. Why during examining the subject, do we bring it close to the eyes?
3. A person has a painful stimulus. Is it possible, without asking a report about his feelings, to find out that he feels a pain?

 

Blood physiology

 

1. The number of erythrocytes in 1 liter of blood is 5.5 * 1012 / l, and the concentration of Hb is 140 g / l. Determine the color indicator. Indicate whether it is different from the norm.
2. When counting cells in 5 large square spaces 580 erythrocytes burn. Calculate how much is contained in 1 liter of blood, if the blood was collected in the mixer to a mark of 0.5?
3. The person lost 20% of the blood. What, approximately, the quantity of erythrocytes should be at it in 1 hour and in 1 day?
4. Calculate the leukocyte formula if the total number of leukocytes in 1mm.3 is 8000, including eosinophils- 100, basophils - 20, neutrophils - 6000, lymphocytes -1500, monocytes - 380. Evaluate the results of this blood test.
5. In the 25 large squares of Gorjaev's chamber there were 100 leukocytes. How many are they in 1 liter of blood, if it was bred 20 times?
6. At what effect on the blood does methhemoglobin form?
7. What kind of erythrocytes are called normochromic?
8. What method can differentiate hemoglobin compounds?
9. What is the osmotic pressure of blood, if at its freezing point it was equal to - 0,4 degrees?
10. How will the osmotic pressure of blood plasma change (increase or decrease) if the concentration of Na + ions in the plasma is 170 mmol / l?
11. When placed in a solution of sodium chloride, erythrocytes acquired a spherical appearance. What is the approximate concentration of salts in this solution? What is the name of this process?
12. In the study of blood, the amount of fibrinogen was equal to 5 g / l, total protein 85 g / l, mineral salts 1%. What can be associated with such changes in blood composition and why?
13. What is the level of blood loss in percent, if a person lost 1.6 liters of blood as a result of a trauma? The weight of a person is 80 kg.
14. What kind of blood group does the patient have if the agglutination of his erythrocytes occurred in the standard sera O (I), A (II) and B (III) groups?
15. The father has Rh- blood, the mother has Rh +. The fetus has no Rh factor. Is there a risk of rhesus conflict of mother and fetus?
16. To the patient with Rh-blood, according to vital indications, fresh blood of the first group was transferred. The patient died with symptoms of blood transfusion shock. What was the cause of death? What was the mistake of the doctor?

 

Physiology of blood circulation

 

1. For 10 minutes a person absorbed 5,600 ml of oxygen. The determination of the amount of oxygen in the blood showed that in the arterial blood its content is 200 ml per liter, and in the venous blood it is 120 ml per liter of blood. Determine the stroke volume of the heart, if the heart rate is 75 per min.
2. How much blood does the right ventricle eject during systole, if from the left comes 80 ml to the aorta?
3. What is the physiological meaning of the fact that the left ventricular wall is thicker than the right one?
4. The person felt an unexpected prick with a needle. Will the heart rate change, and why?
5. The membrane potential of the heart pacemaker cell increased by 10 mV. How will the frequency of automatic pulse generation change?
6. The poison, contained in some species of fungi, sharply shortens the absolute refractory period of the heart. Can poisoning with these mushrooms lead to death? Why?
7. The patient has an extraordinary contraction of the heart, after which there is a compensatory pause of about 0.7 seconds. In which part of the heart muscle is the pathological focus, which is the cause of the observed extrasystole?
8. On the ECG, the splitting of the R wave is noted. What does this indicate?
9. The amplitude of the R wave in an adult on the ECG is the largest in the I lead, and the wave S in III. What does it mean?
10. The amplitude of the R wave on the ECG is the largest in the III lead, and the S-wave in the I lead. What does this electrocardiogram speak about?
11. How will the heart rate change if a new-cancer blockade of both vagus nerves on the neck is made? Why?
12. The end of the vagus protrudes from the wound on the animal's neck. Is it possible to determine whether the end is central, or peripheral?
13. How will the frequency of the reduction of the heart of a dog change if it is deprived of its extracardiac innervation?
14. The person felt an unexpected prick with a needle. Will the heart rate change, and why?
15. The substances with vasodilating or vasoconstrictive properties are listed below. Name which of them are related to vasodilators, which are related to vasoconstrictors. Adrenaline, acetylcholine, renin, vasopressin, histamine, cortisone, noradrenaline, bradykinin, nicotinic acid.
16. On the place of action of mustard plaque appears hyperemia - reddening of the skin. Explain the mechanism of hyperemia.
17. If the snake is kept upright for a long time in an upright position, after a few hours it dies. Why?
18. Determine the linear speed of a blood flow in the capillaries of the artery A, if in it itself it is equal to 25 cm / sec. And the lumen of the capillary network is 1000 times larger than the artery lumen.
19. The man has been in the sunken submarine for several hours. Life support systems are destroyed. What changes in the heart and blood pressure should be expected from such a person?
20. The pressure in the carotid artery of the dog fell by 15 mm Hg. What changes in cardiac activity should be expected and why?
21. The end of the vagus protrudes from the wound on the animal's neck. Is it possible to determine whether the the end is central or peripheral?
22. If the inflow of blood into the atrium increases significantly, and the pressure in them increases, then a reflex increase in the formation of urine occurs. What is the physiological meaning of this reaction?

 

Physiology of breathing

 

1. Cotton wool moistened with ammonia was was brought to the nose of testee. He held his breath and coughed. Name the reflexogenic zones from which these protective reflexes arise.
2. What changes on the pneumogram will occur with a two-sided cutting of the vagus nerves and subsequent stimulation of the central and peripheral ends of the cut vagus.
3. What is PVCL (the proper vital capacity of the lungs) in a woman who is 165 cm tall at the age of 30?
4. If the gas content in the gas mixture at a total pressure of 760 ml Hg is 14%, then what is its partial pressure?
5. The spinal cord is cut between the first second cervical segments. What happens to the breath? Draw a pneumogram of this experience.
6. The person made the maximum possible breath holding. Draw a pneumogram, which is recorded at the same time. How to explain these changes?

 

Physiology of the digestive system and metabolism

 

1. What is the role of the saliva enzymes, gastric and pancreatic juice in the intestine?
2. How will the intestinal motor activity change if the dog is dosed with atropine?
3. Why the duodenum is called the "pituitary gland of the digestive system"?
4. What is the role of the saliva enzymes, gastric and pancreatic juice in the intestine?
5. Calculate the energy consumption per hour, if the subject absorbs 0.3 liters of oxygen per minute, and the respiratory coefficient is 1.
6. With urine, 12 g of nitrogen were released per day. How much protein has disintegrated in the body?
7. The animal was injected with renin. What changes in urine formation will occur and why?
8. Which of the following substances fall into the urine as a result of filtration, and which ones result from tubular secretion? Urea, penicillin, uric acid, urobilin, bicarbonates, phosphates, glucose, ammonia, hippuric acid, inulin, sodium ions, potassium ions, calcium ions, creatinine, albumins.
9. Why does the amount of diuresis decrease at night?
10. The air temperature is + 38 ° C. On the beach, people struggle with overheating in many ways: one lies curled up, another is in the water at the same temperature, the third is wrapped in a wet sheet, the fourth is standing. Which way is the most effective?

 

Physiology of thermoregulation, secretion and endocrine system

 

1. Which of the following substances fall into the urine as a result of filtration, and which as a result of tubular secretion? Urea, penicillin, uric acid, urobilin, bicarbonates, phosphates, glucose, ammonia, hippuric acid, inulin, sodium ions, potassium ions, calcium ions, creatinine, albumins.
2. Why does the amount of diuresis decrease at night?
3. The air temperature is + 38 ° C. On the beach, people struggle with overheating in many ways: one lies curled up, another is in the water at the same temperature, the third is wrapped in a wet sheet, the fourth is standing. Which way is the most effective?
4. The animal was injected with renin. What changes in urine formation will occur and why?