Glands of internal secretion, or endocrine glands, are specialized organs that secrete products which are formed in them, directly into blood or tissue fluid. Currently, the endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, cortical and medulla of the adrenal glands, islet apparatus of the pancreas, sex glands, thymus, and epiphysis.

Placenta is characterized by endocrine activity too. In addition, endocrine cells can be present in some other organs and tissues, particularly in the digestive tract, kidneys, heart muscle, and autonomic ganglia. These cells form the so-called diffuse endocrine system. The common function for all endocrine glands is the production of hormones. The term "hormon" comes from the Greek word "hormae", which means "excite, induce". The first substances that were called hormones were secretin and gastrin; their discovery occurred in 1902 and 1905 respectively. To date, several dozen hormones have been discovered.

 

7.1 Physiology of endocrine glands (seminar)

The purpose of the lesson:

1) Writing an assignment and presentation on the following topics;

2) Theoretical discussion of the topic, the hearing of reports.

 

Essay topics

 

1. Main functions of the endocrine system.
2. General characteristics of hormones and their classification.
3. Effects of the action of hormones. Effect of hormones on the metabolism and function of organs, morphogenetic action, permissive action.
4. The links of the functional system of endocrine regulation: synthesis, deposition and secretion of hormones, transportation of hormones, metabolism and excretion of hormones, interaction of hormones with target cells.
5. Mechanisms of action of hormones on target cells. Nervous and humoral mechanisms of regulation activities of the endocrine glands.
6. The role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of endocrine glands. Functional connections of the hypothalamus with the pituitary gland. Neurosecretion of the hypothalamus: effector neurohormones (vasopressin and oxytocin), regulatory neurohormones (liberins and statins), neuromodulators (enkephalins, endorphins, etc.).
7. Hormones of the neurohypophysis, their physiological role, regulation of secretion.
8. Hormones of adenohypophysis, their physiological role, regulation of secretion.
9. Hormones of adrenal medulla, their physiological role, regulation of secretion.
10. Hormones of the cortical substance of the adrenal glands, their physiological role, regulation of secretion.
11. Thyroid hormones, their physiological role, regulation of secretion.
12. Parathyroid glands, their role in the regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Regulation of parathyroid glands.
13. The role of hormones of the thyroid and parathyroid glands in the regulation of mineral metabolism.
14. Pancreatic hormones (insulin and glucagon), their role in the regulation of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. Regulation of the endocrine function of the pancreas.
15. Sex glands. Their internal secretion.
16. Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism in the body.
17. The role of hormones in human adaptive activity.
18. Hormones and emotions.
19. Hormones and stress.

Methodical instructions for writing an essay

Materials for the essay are taken from the recommended literature. It takes 1-2 weeks to complete. The approximate volume of the essay is 10-15 handwritten or 10-12 printed sheets. When typing on the computer pages of the text and illustrations, tables, drawings included in the report should correspond to the A-4 format. The text should be printed, observing the following sizes of fields: left - not less than 30 mm, right - 10, upper - 20, lower - 20. The font size is 14, the interval is one and a half. Continuous numbering throughout the text, numbering is placed in the upper right corner without a dot at the end. Making a list of used literature. The description should include: the author's surnames and initials, the title of the book, the name of the city, the year of publication. For example: Golikov A.N. The physiology of farm animals. - Moscow: Agropromizdat, 1991 - 419 p.

Assessment of the essay. The criteria for essay assessment are:

1) degree of theme development;

2) completeness of scientific literature;

3) theoretical approach to writing an essay;

4) correctness and scientific validity of the conclusions.